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Sound – Class 9 Science Complete Notes

1. What is Sound? Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. Sound is produced by vibrating objects. Examples include vibrating tuning fork, vocal cords in humans, bells, musical instruments, etc. Vibration: Rapid to-and-fro (back and forth) motion of an object. Short Question: Can sound be produced without vibration? Answer: No, sound cannot be produced without vibration. 2. Medium of Sound The substance through which sound travels is called a medium . Sound can travel through solids, liquids, and gases but cannot travel through vacuum . Process of Sound Propagation: When an object vibrates, it makes the air particles around it vibrate. These air particles move back and forth from their original (rest) position. The vibrating air particles push nearby air particles. This causes the nearby particles to also start vibrating. In this way, vibrations pass from one particle to another. This process continues through the medi...

CLASS 9 SCIENCE NOTES: CHAPTER - WORK AND ENERGY

Work Work is done when a force causes displacement in the direction of the applied force. Condition for work done: Force should be applied on the body. Body should be displaced. Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force and displacement of the body in the direction of the force. Formula: W = F × s SI Unit of Work: Joule (J) = N·m 1 Joule: 1 J is the amount of work done on an object when a force of 1 N displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force. 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton (N) × 1 metre (m) Work done by a force can be either positive or negative. Work done is negative when the force acts opposite to the direction of displacement. Work done is positive when the force is in the direction of displacement. Energy The energy possessed by an object is its capacity for doing work. S.I. unit of energy is Joule (J). 1 Joule of energy is the amount of energy required to do 1 Joule of work. ...

CLASS 10 SCIENCE NOTES CHAPTER - MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current – Class 10 Notes Magnet An object which attracts pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt. Poles of a Magnet North Pole South Pole Like poles repel and unlike poles attract . Magnetic Compass A small magnet in the shape of a needle. Detects presence of a magnet or magnetic field. Deflects more when the magnetic field is stronger. Magnetic Field (B) The space around a magnet where magnetic materials experience a force. It has both magnitude and direction . So, it is a vector quantity. Direction of Magnetic Field It is the path along which a free north pole moves. Magnetic Field Lines Imaginary lines representing the direction of magnetic field. Outside the magnet: N → S Inside the magnet: S → N They are closed curves. Two field lines never intersect. Reason: If they intersect, the compass needle would point in two directions at a time, which is impossible. Magnitude of Ma...

CLASS 10 SCIENCE NOTES CHAPTER: HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD

THE HUMAN EYE & THE COLOURFUL WORLD The Human Eye One of the most sensitive and important sense organs. Gives us sight and the ability to see different colors. Advantages of Having Eyes in Front of the Face (Binocular Vision) It gives a wider field of view (approx. 180°). It provides a three-dimensional view (depth perception), helping to judge distances accurately. Parts of the Eye & Their Functions Part of the Eye What It Does (Simple Description) Cornea The clear, curved front window. It lets light in and does most of the light bending (refraction). Eyeball The main body of the eye, spherical shaped, about 2.3 cm in diameter. Iris The colore...

CLASS 9 SCIENCE NOTES: CHAPTER - GRAVITATION

GRAVITATION Gravitation is the force of attraction between any two objects in the universe because of their masses. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force.  Let there are two objects of masses m1 and m2 and the distance between the object is r, then according to universal law of attraction. This force of attraction: is directly proportional to the product of their masses (F ∝ m 1 x m 2 ); and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers (F ∝ 1 / r²) Mathematical form: F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / r² G = Universal Gravitational Constant = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg² PROOF FOR THE UNIT OF GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT Now, G = F x d 2 / (M x m) G = (Newton x Meter 2 ) / (Kilogram x Kilogram) G = (Newton Meter 2 ) / (Kilogram 2 ) G = Nm 2 /kg 2 So, SI Unit of G is Nm 2 /kg 2